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本帖最后由 stupid 于 2011-1-26 14:36 编辑 + Y' a) G8 J- T7 w3 ~% a
, Q% t! L" {; v8 T7 N, r: X3 E7 DPCB的发明人：Paul Eisler * Q# d4 ~. }% m; s }! T0 T) ]& @
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My Life with the Printed Circuit is Paul Eisler's dramatic autobiography, recounting his invention and pioneering of the printed circuit in the midst of the blitz in London during World War II. The book is a behind-the-scenes report of how the invention became an important weapon against the German Luftwaffe and why it remains to this day a basic principle of modern technology in the armaments and electronics industries. This achievement and his many patents did not provide an easy run for the author's other inventions, which were sufficiently revolutionary to place him in the same league as Volta, Faraday, Bell, Edison, and Marconi. In a fascinating account that will interest laymen and professionals alike, Eisler examines the patent system from the perspective of the inventor and retraces his experience in guiding his creative ideas through to commercial products. % J! t2 }2 [( ]/ R
The story opens in Vienna in the 1930s. On the strength of two of his patent applications, Eisler obtained invitations from two leading electrical firms to visit England and thus, in 1936, escaped from the imminent Nazi threat. As an alien, however, he was not permitted to work. When he offered his printed circuit invention to Plessey, it was rejected, and Eisler was forced for a time to put his ambitions aside. ! ?( U% |6 r# R
It was not until after the war broke out that he revived his idea of the printed circuit, encouraged by Churchill's appeal for sophisticated electronic armament to combat the Luftwaffe. Believing that his invention could provide that vital contribution, Eisler renewed his desperate search for support. At length he succeeded in interesting H. V. Strong, the proprietor of an old, established firm of music printers, but he was required to sign an agreement that conferred title of all related future patents to Strong.
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Eisler then set about installing his simple laboratory in a partially blitzed building. With the aid of Gustav Parker, an old friend from Vienna, he constructed the first radio set incorporating printed circuits. He demonstrated that set to the Allied Missions and received a highly enthusiastic response. An end result was the American use of printed circuits in producing proximity fuses, and these were supplied to the anti-aircraft batteries for the defense of London and of the Antwerp bridgehead.
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The account continues with Eisler's postwar career. Despite a disastrous experience with the National Research and Development Corporation (NRDC), which virtually gave away the U.S. patents for Eisler's inventions, he made tremendous strides as an inventor. He developed means of producing copper foil electrolytically and of bonding it to a laminate. His subsequent inventions included the foil battery and the foil heating film for electric surface heating. Detailing various applications of the heating foil, Eisler describes his negotiations with a succession of large British and American companies. The author concludes by summing up, in the light of his experience, his views on the patent system. - z0 b6 c& Y8 Q, K( S& Y
1950年，6月21日，Paul Eisler的PCB专利发表了。如果你了解他的背景，你肯定会提出疑问，“PCB之父”是如何生存下来的，说坚持可能不合适。 Eisler的人生故事（像他自传中描述的那样，我的生活与印制电路）像一部神秘的小说，满是遭受迫害的题材（犹太工程师逃离1930年代的奥地利），低效率的政府机构（全部政府机构），还有一直非常流行的“非法移民只是想要一个诚实的工作”等等。 Eisler1907年出生，1930年毕业于维也纳大学工程学士学位。他在那时就已经显现出发明家的天赋。但是，他的首要目标是在一个非纳粹土地上找份工作。所有好的工程工作都在1930年代的奥地利。 因此，1934年，他在贝尔格莱德找到了一份为火车设计电子系统的工作——能够使乘客通过耳机记录个人记录，像iPod。但是，工作结束时，客户提供的是粮食，而不是支付货币。 我想在谈判中从未谈及过“用粮食支付”。 回到奥地利，Eisler为报纸投稿，创办了电台杂志，并开始学习印刷技术。印刷在1930年代是相当强大的技术，他开始想象如何让印刷技术运用到在绝缘基底的电路上，并且投入大货生产。 1936年，他决定离开奥地利。他受邀前往英国工作，基于两项他已经提出的专利：一个是图形印象记录，另一个是具有垂直分辨率线的立体电视。 他的电视专利卖了250法郎，这足够在汉普斯特德公寓住上一段时间，这是一件好事，因为他在伦敦找不到工作。有一家电话公司真的很喜欢他的印制电路板的想法——它可以淘汰那些电话系统中使用的成捆的电线。但经理告诉他，人工接线工作是由“女孩”来做的，“女孩”更便宜，而且更灵活。好吧。 至少我们省去了考虑廉价劳动力所做的工作可以由一个恰当的工具用一半的时间来完成。 由于二战的爆发，Eisler开始想办法让家人离开奥地利。战争开始时，他的妹妹自杀了，他作为一个非法移民被英国拘留了。即使被关了起来，Eisler仍然在想着怎样帮助战争。 被释放后，Eisler为音乐印制公司Henderson & Spalding工作。最初，他的目标是完善公司的绘图音乐打字机，不是在实验室里，而是在一个被炸毁的建筑中工作。公司老板H.V. Strong强迫Eisler签署了所有在研究中出现的专利。这不是第一次，也不是最后一次Eisler被人利用。 从事军事工作的麻烦之一是他的身份：他刚刚被释放。你可以想像Eisler找军事承包商，讨论他的印制电路如何使用到战争中去。 通过他在Henderson & Spalding的工作，Eisler开发了利用蚀刻箔在基板上记录下痕迹的概念。他的第一块电路板看上去更像一盘意大利细面条。他在1943年申请了专利。 起初没有人真正重视这项发明，直到它被运用到炮弹的引信用来击落V-1 buzz炸弹。在此之后，Eisler有了工作，还有了些小名气。战争结束后，这项技术得到了传播。美国在1948年规定，所有机载仪器必须是印制的。 Eisler1943年的这项专利最终被分为三个独立的专利：639111（三维印制电路板），639178（印制电路的箔技术），和639179（粉末印刷）。这三项专利在1950年6月21日发表，但是只有少数几家公司获得专利授权。 1950年代，Eisler又一次被利用了，这次是在英国国家研究与发展公司工作期间。该组织基本上是泄露了Eisler的美国专利。但是他继续实验和发明。他又想出了电池箔，加热墙纸，比萨饼烤箱，混凝土模具，后车窗除霜等等的主意。他在医学领域取得了成功，于1992年去世，一生具有几十个专利。他刚刚获得了电气工程师协会的纳菲尔德银质奖章。 + k3 g- e" f. `) }
谁将会成为下一个Eisler，或下一个Shockley或Kilby？他们就在那里，也许就在你隔壁的房间里。
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Early life and education He graduated in engineering from Vienna University of Technology in 1930[1]:15. After employment inBelgrade where he installed radios in trains, he returned to Vienna to work as a printer. However, he was forced out of work by the fascists in 1934 and left for England with some of his patents in 1936. His first cousin, Philipp Fehl, contacted Eisler upon arrival as a refugee in England and Eisler helped to make sure that Fehl's father left Vienna alive after his release from the Dachau concentration camp. Living in a Hampstead boarding house, without work or a work permit, he began to fabricate a radio using aprinted circuit board while trying to sell some of his ideas. Around this time, the Odeon hired him to work on their cinema technology. One of the common problems there was coping with theatre goers who spilled foods such as ice cream on the seats. Eisler devised a yellow fabric to cover affected furniture for the benefit of the next theater goer as well as flag it for removal and cleaning at the next opportunity.
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Though he was able to help several members of his family escape Austria, he was subject to internment by the British as an enemy alien after the onset of World War II. After being released in 1941, he was able to engage Henderson and Spalding, a lithography company in Camberwell run by Harold Vezey-Strong, to invest in his printed circuit idea via a specially created subsidiary of Henderson and Spalding called Technograph, but forfeited rights to his invention when he neglected to read the contract before signing it. It was a pretty standard employment contract in that he agreed to submit any patent right during his employment for a nominal fee (one pound sterling) but it also gave him 16.5 percent ownership of Technograph. It drew no interest until the United States incorporated the technology into work on the proximity fuze which was vital to counter the German V-1 flying bomb. However, he did manage to obtain his first three printed circuit patent for a wide range of applications. They were split out from a single application submitted in 1943 and finally published after long legal procedures on June 21, 1950 [2][3][4]. " k! _% A1 G, o& R
After the war ended, the United States opened access to his printed circuit innovation and since 1948, it has been used in all airborne instrument electronics. Very few companies acknowledged or licenced Technograph's patents and the company had financial difficulties. He resigned from Technograph in 1957. Among his projects as a freelancer, were films to heat "floor and wall coverings"[5] and food, for example, "fishfingers"[5]. The wallpaper idea was viable, but interest waned after the advent of cheaper energy resources with the discovery of natural gas in the North Sea.Eisler invented many other practical applications of heating technology, such as the pizza warmer and rear window defroster, but was not so successful in their commercialization.
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In 1963, Technograph lost a lawsuit against Bendix over most of the claims in the US versions of patents. | 
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发表于 2011-1-26 10:00
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发表于 2011-2-15 16:28
