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SDR新书:Baseband Analog Circuits for Software Defined Radio
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Author:
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VITO GIANNINI
7 R1 S$ g, w% }" ?; EJAN CRANINCKX
* H# X' t1 J6 k6 V# c }# kANDREA BASCHIROTTO # U5 ?- T: X! ^6 p, _
IMEC, Wireless Research, Leuven, Belgium
6 I" c/ ]" S* D0 Z; ~/ i( JIMEC, Wireless Research, Leuven, Belgium 7 n& K# E; z6 \7 f3 o
University of Salento, Italy
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3 m$ F) u Q; B) \Contents
8 Q \, ~0 x/ m4 ]Dedication v 6 k7 d( h! ?; b5 t% f c
Preface xi % V; ~) }- G5 b- R A! T7 E3 _0 H
Acknowledgments xv + y' ^8 f$ j7 H1 c2 P
1. 4G MOBILE TERMINALS 1
* X. v- G, u5 J2 c0 S5 _4 z0 a- K1.1 A Wireless-Centric World 1
8 p: d% \( v1 W& q1.2 The Driving Forces Towards 4G Systems 3
' [6 P4 b( N% |5 g2 q* c; S: G1.3 Basic Architecture For a 4G Terminal 6
# n5 c/ m$ ?8 C+ F+ w, H1.4 The Role of Analog Circuits 8
3 {- L9 t& t; j b* I1.5 Energy-Scalable Radio Front End 9 9 d) Q" c' i4 H* u1 i5 L- R
1.6 Towards Cognitive Radios 11
9 [6 v" A: Z: ^$ h& Q2. SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO FRONT ENDS 13
, J/ V" z0 N# R" q5 E# [( V8 }8 o2.1 The Software Radio Architecture 13
4 v s6 I ?2 u. z/ ?2.2 Candidate Architectures for SDR Front Ends 16
' o) N+ {+ f [9 q; Y+ ?2.2.1 Heterodyne and digital-IF receivers 17
) j) q d: G' d$ M) ^6 n# N$ I2.2.2 Zero-IF receivers 19
" H D0 A! x# z; U3 O0 G# p2.2.3 Digital low-IF receivers 22
# |+ a1 `: o% M) r6 e+ D6 Z2.2.4 Bandpass sampling receivers 24 & o! k- G, T! n; |
2.2.5 Direct RF sampling receivers 26 * I, o+ z$ R6 H2 }8 z. C6 l
2.3 SDR Front End Implementation 27 2 L- ?3 k! b- V1 G; Y0 ]
2.3.1 LNA and input matching 29
1 C( u, Y! L8 _2 v4 m* P6 k Z v2.3.2 Frequency synthesizer 30 ( L7 y0 x; c. `
2.3.3 Baseband signal processing 31 0 }; o& W7 D( U5 Z5 ~* W
2.3.4 Measurements results 31 9 j @, f# k7 |) H* B9 Y1 x3 Y8 m
2.4 Digital Calibration of Analog Imperfections 33 . t |5 L! [0 w5 e; l8 E4 I1 T
2.4.1 Quadrature imbalance 34
9 V- F* O: e) Z3 _2.4.2 DC offset 363 I! u( x8 Z! J
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) y, }1 U# j0 i2.4.3 Impact of LPF spectral behavior 36 ) g: q/ l4 j @1 l. G) A! y
2.5 Conclusions 37
5 ^$ \4 f( { E% T! T& ]3. LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS IN THE SDR ANALOG
8 E) i/ q. X8 Y1 L, `& ~BASEBAND SECTION 39 : ^, @9 P0 }4 S5 ~
3.1 Analog Baseband Signal Processing 39
0 Z9 ^) j7 S$ y$ {: A/ M3.2 Baseband Trade-Offs for Analog to Digital Conversion 40
" Q0 O2 b) d; x0 u4 O7 g7 ]5 X3.2.1 Number of poles for the LPF 41
! A3 G# X( l+ G0 a1 o% F& f3.2.2 ADC dynamic range 42
8 u+ x$ w: I, l6 M" W3.2.3 Baseband power consumption estimation 47
3 V1 ?- v) ^, m: t B% ]3.3 Multistandard Analog Baseband Specs 48
, \- c$ `; d, C" p, f6 B; h3.4 Multimode Low-Pass Filter 49
" ^) ?+ c- Q0 f. F3.4.1 Filter selectivity 50 # q% m* D- i' @6 I/ T$ y
3.4.2 Filter noise and linearity 54 , G2 J$ @' _1 `! R7 l6 `2 W+ R
3.4.3 Filter flexibility planning 56 4 u% A) a9 Z! [+ p; J# O* |
3.4.4 Cascade of biquadratic sections 59
4 P6 R. Z4 B) a x3.5 Automatic Gain Control 62 ( ]$ I: P- P/ Y& q3 J
3.6 Conclusions 65 ' ]- t/ h z7 q! r* g
4. FLEXIBLE ANALOG BUILDING BLOCKS 67 8 O9 c; X2 g* S, \7 }
4.1 Challenges in Analog Design for Flexibility 67
0 I: l; u, n4 U. O' t1 ~# E4.2 A Modular Design Approach 68
& g3 p* D. Z& t6 o6 W7 \4.3 Flexible Operational Amplifiers 70 , T$ M! t" e. \9 S" z
4.3.1 Variable current sources 70
6 `/ t$ z7 J) V' F, }5 t4.3.2 Arrays of operational amplifiers 71
3 }5 N, X7 f- P$ C7 Y& q4.4 A Digital-Controlled Current Follower 75 0 j9 w- {6 c, W1 ?3 L9 {: b9 @- n- C
4.5 Flexible Passive Components 75 ) b1 f; b1 g$ }5 W' M" | R
4.6 Flexible Transconductors 77
; g' ^2 Z( p" k( B3 l6 J4.7 Flexible Biquadratic Sections 78
( \2 Q" I' ~4 }, g3 F$ Y& j: x4.7.1 The Active-Gm-RC biquad 79 $ U" ~" l8 `/ W' S* Y; _- c
4.8 Conclusions 91 ; b8 q% y) N- ^0 i1 S, V" H
5. IMPLEMENTATIONS OF FLEXIBLE FILTERS FOR SDR + f7 ^. M3 w# m5 t4 L/ ~2 h" Y% x/ |
FRONT END 93
K0 g" F: x: w |+ u5.1 State of the Art for Flexible CT Filters 93
f" v! p, A+ T# ^ V% b( P* q( |! W5.2 A Reconfigurable UMTS/WLAN Active-Gm-RC LPF 94 ! ^# I; ^& c( P! p
5.2.1 Filter architecture 96
2 D4 M- v1 u; o. G+ k1 _5.2.2 Automatic RC calibration scheme 97
# @, f% h( I% K$ [& R- n5.2.3 Measurements results 102
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5.3 LPF and VGA for SDR Front End 105 : G6 C. D3 N! t# X% n. J
5.3.1 LPF and VGA architectures 107
: f* P/ J4 d0 w. M3 a5 P; Y5.3.2 Prototype measurements 111
, {" D1 R2 D$ l# b9 \# b5.4 Conclusions 118
3 j: z1 _/ x; f) J* |" KAcronyms 119
# @6 r4 q, |9 @9 MList of Figures 123
# t/ u2 i0 }9 k5 V: HList of Tables 129 - [" g5 m7 W4 M2 D% T, F) P' ~
References 131 4 [; t: b3 m0 m# a
Index 139. o% K3 [$ {9 I9 B1 c* h
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