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PCB Designer's SI GUIDETable of Content
p% h4 E6 ?+ B9 q# ZBasics of SI___________________________________________________________________5
9 Y- ?2 K% }) S7 D5 K" `- j% Q1.1 When Speed is important? _____________________________________________5
" v$ S# X/ |3 Q% y: d1.1.1 Acceptable Voltage and timing values ________________________________5
/ d# P& g1 @" }# L! N+ Z" O2 R3 W0 c1.2 Signal Integrity ______________________________________________________5 ! @+ d9 O0 c- f2 H3 H( Y/ E
1.2.1 Waveform Voltage Accuracy _______________________________________5
2 P; D; Z' W# y1 g1.2.2 Timing_________________________________________________________5
1 z3 e5 ^5 N6 w" S9 ]0 h+ P) q/ R1.3 Speed of currently used logic families ____________________________________5 % A2 ?3 H! Z4 o s
1.3.1 Transition Electrical Length (TEL) __________________________________6
# P6 ?8 P2 s$ o, n2 a1.3.2 Critical length ___________________________________________________6 ; k) X4 o( T: Z- K; r2 _+ h" |) W
1.3.3 What is Transmission Line? ________________________________________6 . k z& P2 p. b Z4 ~3 z
1.3.4 What is moving in a Transmission line?_______________________________6
% x" k5 Z& t+ F0 ~1.3.5 Power Plane Definition____________________________________________6 8 J7 H% N! Y) V! ~& w7 f
1.3.6 The concept of Ground ____________________________________________7
( r, F4 ^: i. \; y) |* w) S( S1.4 STRIPLINE circuit with Electromagnetic field _____________________________7
4 R+ b& f3 c6 [1.5 RLC Transmission Line Model _________________________________________8
# c% b; Y- D( W( {9 S" x1.5.1 What is Impedance? ______________________________________________8
( e7 K. b7 w4 F" {% s9 A1.5.2 A Practical impedance equation for microstrip _________________________8
% s/ p0 r4 N/ w. i( q1.5.3 What is relative dielectric constant Er? _______________________________9 ; X, p& h3 O1 x- f# C
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! v8 \4 U! T3 I" h8 J2 Interconnections for High Speed Digital Circuits _______________________________10 & ?. K5 c3 w; c
2.1.1 Summary______________________________________________________10
* T; D* p$ M2 @+ `2.2 Examples of dynamic interfacing problems _______________________________10
3 b6 H5 f4 `% z0 d6 C {2.3 IC Technology and Signal Integrity _____________________________________12
- Y4 t- h* I4 c2.4 Speed and distance __________________________________________________14 ) J9 d! T- N& Y
2.5 Digital signals: Static interfacing _______________________________________15 . D6 s& L# U8 H
2.6 Digital signals: Dynamic interfacing ____________________________________16 7 O5 k/ _7 m1 y( d j" D9 [$ {
2.7 Review questions ___________________________________________________18 , b: C/ A3 b6 q1 x; g
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3 Interconnection Models____________________________________________________20 6 ?# m* c( L( W3 q. u
3.1 Summary__________________________________________________________20 ' q- |9 Y" C' V5 u; P0 v
3.2 Reference model for interconnection analysis _____________________________20
! I# r; `9 J; R3 r3.3 Receiver model_____________________________________________________21
! U2 y7 e. ]* g( E8 Z$ M& o& ` e3.4 RC interconnection model ____________________________________________23 ' S4 W' L) |5 r- H2 ]
3.5 Parameters of the interconnection ______________________________________25 v) ?* `3 t3 L: m
3.6 Refined models _____________________________________________________26
0 Z1 ~! |( L3 t0 A6 E3.7 Review question ____________________________________________________28
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4 Transmission Line Models _________________________________________________31 $ n* Z4 l) G6 W; ]# } X! [
4.1 Summary__________________________________________________________31
' Q* w2 ~! V! g, _4 j4.2 Transmission line models _____________________________________________31 5 z; y8 Y" i( ?2 @( d/ w; ~! r
4.3 Loss-less transmission lines ___________________________________________32
5 P7 q# H% L4 x5 p8 G4.4 Critical Length _____________________________________________________34
/ d. w3 O, I' J, Z( I4.5 Reference transmission line model______________________________________35 - H1 l* W* e* ?8 u, N- R: D ~1 _
4.6 Line driving _______________________________________________________36
! o+ Y3 e1 d- p4 W4 d3 x4.7 Propagation and reflected waves _______________________________________37
+ K1 H, t5 M9 V5 u4.8 A sample system____________________________________________________39
* |; G& M j2 F; u4.9 Review questions ___________________________________________________42
; ~( Z7 `0 e4 F# A5 H1 J u1 RPCB Designer’s SI Guide Page 2 Venkata
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; |0 H6 e Q. J5 Analysis techniques _______________________________________________________45 $ t! z7 c7 I& a" f# \6 `6 `8 I/ T7 ?
5.1 Summary__________________________________________________________45 * b: I) `7 a* y. P
5.2 Transmission time and skew___________________________________________45 ) u8 Y5 I7 Q! {" l) n
5.3 Effects of termination resistance _______________________________________46 5 v6 E' j- o# B1 W
5.4 Lattice diagram _____________________________________________________48
, H& j$ z4 }5 K3 F5.5 Examples of Real Lines ______________________________________________49
8 L/ u3 C, c1 C* n! ?3 ~5.6 Simulation code ____________________________________________________51 ' e& ?1 ?& e& s
5.7 Examples of results__________________________________________________54
( T5 g, x4 a) C$ A& ]5.8 Review questions ___________________________________________________55
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U6 _3 q d* S6 S3 E0 i6 Design guide for interconnection ____________________________________________57 1 A* M. h7 E" W& C# T
6.1 Summary__________________________________________________________57 % g- V7 U5 _- [
6.2 Incident wave switching ______________________________________________57 F" H+ X% i; V1 }1 }2 L
6.3 Effects of capacitive loading __________________________________________58 0 K7 K* Q# q3 r" h ]0 `
6.4 Termination circuits _________________________________________________59 / E2 x: C: e# p( V6 u. O; t
6.4.1 Passive termination______________________________________________60
% @2 D( \: q- K. v; Z6.4.2 Low power termination___________________________________________61
- V9 _& u2 [& n! {' l6 t7 ] s6.4.3 Active low power termination circuit. _______________________________61
$ Z2 Z: X8 s) S# B) b6 W0 O6.5 Driving point-to-point lines ___________________________________________62
4 Y5 Z0 A) y& J8 l: @6.6 Driving bused lines __________________________________________________64
1 m' B- x5 t6 D6.7 Design guidelines ___________________________________________________67
4 K' x8 i1 G5 I( e$ Y1 R6.8 Review questions ___________________________________________________67 |