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Preface page xi) T" C- I8 N; L2 r/ N# h
1 Introduction 1) ~4 M: m f/ c: o* n
1.1 Background 1
% i/ P: B2 C: a7 n1.2 Applications overview 8# f: E4 B1 x/ {( {
1.2.1 Transmit optical links 8
& b {! `0 L3 I! f* E7 z1.2.2 Distribution optical links 9
- v+ t* T9 b! ?4 U1.2.3 Receive optical links 11
3 N# d/ h8 m/ V2 t: _1.3 Optical fibers 12
7 n4 ?4 d% M& J. U, L# a" z: K! XReferences 17% Z4 [ L. k7 x6 t+ X, G( k% @
2 Link components and their small-signal electro-optic models 19/ [0 E; z1 e$ M; x6 `7 e( |
2.1 Introduction 19
% v: c! D3 M5 s2.1.1 Notation 20
+ A4 O/ T" A* `" i& @2.2 Modulation devices 20) K$ M' E3 o' @" a5 R% }- b B& ^ h4 H
2.2.1 Direct modulation 20
1 P2 |: V* B2 h, q# ~2.2.2 External modulation 34( g) ~' l: l. w1 [) z3 k
2.3 Photodetectors 49- u- D3 a) D% I+ S6 l8 b
Appendix 2.1 Steady state (dc) rate equation model for
& C/ I; a. z$ E8 Z0 ~ Y tdiode lasers 544 X9 @* g+ T! O) K1 T1 m
Appendix 2.2 Absorption coefficient of an electro-absorption/ r: l) F; e" ~2 d3 U! G
modulator 63/ ~6 g: l$ S* q) T
References 63
1 f5 {7 q/ U! ~' ~4 b2 p" B3 Low frequency, short length link models 69
g9 _9 }0 A0 `& D* n& e2 v3.1 Introduction 697 h, C- ?7 k# d; d; v, \
3.2 Small-signal intrinsic gain 70' @0 c5 B' O) y- \: `( X- M9 G) |
3.2.1 Direct modulation 72
" e) r( {7 \) R) H6 x' S3.2.2 External modulation 74
$ w1 p& F9 w0 l; [- y% Y3.3 Scaling of intrinsic gain 75
. p2 b& b2 U M9 Q2 O+ n9 evii
: P) Y" ^3 W( F& D5 V( yviii Contents
7 p) Z! N2 w0 v( ]' `$ U' s' @3.3.1 Optical power 75
K) B5 G: O8 N1 M; u3.3.2 Wavelength 79
4 }) d1 X8 y6 F! J3.3.3 Modulation slope efficiency and photodetector+ |$ J+ P2 N P T7 ?
responsivity 81
3 R0 T- j) ^4 f/ R$ }! n) s+ t3.4 Large signal intrinsic gain 82% G) N3 k8 [9 d, {
Appendix 3.1 External modulation links and the Manley–Rowe
" X% q. W- K" n& D8 Nequations 873 ~$ t' h5 X$ E2 v+ X
References 885 Q! O. H3 b' n! x- ^
4 Frequency response of links 916 E2 s/ g4 @1 J4 H
4.1 Introduction 91) {9 y3 [7 ]$ S
4.2 Frequency response of modulation and photodetection devices 93
7 v: U; o; }2 j0 Z1 e# j" t* n1 g4.2.1 Diode lasers 93
1 \9 O5 e) \, H4.2.2 External modulators 98; M8 R, O) g, ^& D/ z N( J( ?$ m( h
4.2.3 Photodetectors 105* i! Y+ Z% p6 Z3 `0 O
4.3 Passive impedance matching to modulation and photodetection
2 Y& ?) }2 l% u5 J) U& e( A- Qdevices 1107 p9 l; z( F# Z! D% G0 P: ?) ^+ `% K& N3 c
4.3.1 PIN photodiode 112. K# x9 R4 e6 ]9 {
4.3.2 Diode laser 117+ ]; q ^( M: U, O! N/ [- f
4.3.3 Mach–Zehnder modulator 129
9 }) E+ G4 _% q( M' L0 F* `3 s: p4.4 Bode–Fano limit 138/ J- m7 F# w/ R8 [5 D
4.4.1 Lossy impedance matching 139' s0 K5 a% H2 o4 e
4.4.2 Lossless impedance matching 142
+ i& T* E1 m+ K1 ~" p* ^, S$ xAppendix 4.1 Small signal modulation rate equation model for
; v( B( k8 l2 Jdiode lasers 152
# H/ o* F- o5 v% WReferences 156; e1 Z+ p" ?( x. [' T; a* J
5 Noise in links 1598 j- e2 e: @7 ^4 r9 t6 Q% ^" c2 O
5.1 Introduction 159
' t& f2 u% S; e5 j( G5.2 Noise models and measures 1603 t. f d+ C9 K; f( Z
5.2.1 Noise sources 1606 C4 O1 I( D" f: \
5.2.2 Noise figure 167 v" e4 Y: r1 L- r M2 _1 l) i/ t
5.3 Link model with noise sources 1685 S! P" s! s6 q3 I
5.3.1 General link noise model 168/ I( p3 y/ C$ G" u) R
5.3.2 RIN-dominated link 169, C6 Q; l, Y; b5 P; E# Z1 V) R
5.3.3 Shot-noise-dominated link 173
1 i# H: @+ P+ M/ f5.4 Scaling of noise figure 178' q% ~* g9 M/ P$ l
5.4.1 Impedance matching 1796 I. w' w- j9 w4 K! m2 r4 B
5.4.2 Device slope efficiency 180
( f/ o: _" k* E: O; K5.4.3 Average optical power 182. [# F. y' q g5 D$ I. ?( }; J
5.5 Limits on noise figure 185
6 M$ U8 |% |3 d# _* [4 g% O$ k5.5.1 Lossless passive match limit 185' q5 k( K ?1 F3 p) |
Contents ix: P, n2 P3 S+ k. o
5.5.2 Passive attenuation limit 187
0 W( @. U0 [- a5.5.3 General passive match limit 1894 ?6 K& [& z/ n0 W0 c
Appendix 5.1 Minimum noise figure of active and passive networks 196
: E9 r% @" K0 o9 {! p: ZReferences 199" q; I8 g- b4 u% M' m4 _) N) ?
6 Distortion in links 201
# Q( i* Z k8 ~9 k6.1 Introduction 201
1 `2 ]! d- `+ c' B: v& [6.2 Distortion models and measures 202
. c' Y; ?8 z7 R, h6 Z6.2.1 Power series distortion model 2026 ?3 X, t$ ^3 D! e( f, Q* U- w
6.2.2 Measures of distortion 205* v) N9 Q* H4 l( O5 X" g1 x
6.3 Distortion of common electro-optic devices 217
6 ^' L* f% ?$ T0 y6.3.1 Diode laser 217
Z1 m- J3 d0 W" d% Z3 U: \6.3.2 Mach–Zehnder modulator 222 S; M7 c; G R0 Q# j; {
6.3.3 Directional coupler modulator 225! p8 t% i( |- k& D' c' w8 U
6.3.4 Electro-absorption modulator 227' l( F7 v4 y5 b$ A: j z
6.3.5 Photodiode 228" |# D4 @8 l! p
6.4 Methods for reducing distortion 232
& U ]# H9 a% l" p3 O6.4.1 Primarily electronic methods 233. h. y; s- X' F
6.4.2 Primarily optical methods 240& d4 }. K* T( h# O, z4 O1 i. M
Appendix 6.1 Non-linear distortion rate equation model for
+ E+ Y8 N: g1 I( N' ~diode lasers 249
' O( B$ n6 c: o2 q9 T+ CReferences 2599 W" G/ q( s; r+ n# R
7 Link design tradeoffs 263* t: I( W9 f) a1 }) L& P: u7 \
7.1 Introduction 263
! v9 x" z# p' B( a, Q( y, ?7.2 Tradeoffs among intrinsic link parameters 263+ H: V( w: G# H* a- ^/ o% a
7.2.1 Direct modulation 263
) |( w/ C- u' @ {" x7.2.2 External modulation 268( M \* E z6 E' v/ d. h
7.2.3 SNR vs. noise limits and tradeoffs 273
! r! ^9 ?# `1 i+ i2 N" B7.3 Tradeoffs between intrinsic link and link with amplifiers 277
: o! u; d' g0 R- }5 |7.3.1 Amplifiers and link gain 277
- R1 x* F; v$ t e" R9 J6 j7.3.2 Amplifiers and link frequency response 2783 r1 L/ u; S: {2 S. y/ ^
7.3.3 Amplifiers and link noise figure 278( G8 P" l8 C P" u
7.3.4 Amplifiers and link IM-free dynamic range 279
4 `1 w# g8 }9 x% T5 k1 I4 ~5 LReferences 284" e" z7 I7 U0 i- e5 a
Index 285 |
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